From Chennai to Mahabalipuram takes about 1 hour 13 minutes via East cost road and Mahabalipuram is located exactly 56 kilometres away from Chennai. From Chennai airport to Mahabalipuram it takes 1 hour 8 minutes about 54 kilometers away.
Mahabalipuram or Mamallapuram is a historic city and UNESCO World Heritage site in located in sea shore of Tamil Nadu, India. During Pallava dynasty, between the 3rd century CE and 7th century CE, it became an important centre of art, architecture and literature.
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| Shore temple history |
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| History of Mahabalipuram stone scripture |
Mahabalipuram was already a thriving sea port on the Bay of Bengal before this time. A significant amount of coins and other artefacts excavated from this region also indicate a pre-existing trade relation with the Romans even before it became a part of the Pallava empire.
Pre History:
Mahabalipuram’s early history is completely shrouded in mystery. Ancient mariners considered this place the land of the Seven Pagodas. There are others who think that Mahabalipuram suffered from a great flood between 10,000 and 13,000 BCE.
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| History about varaha cave |
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| Mahabalipuram |
The most popular explanation is that the place is name came from after benevolent King Bali a demon King, also known as Mahabali. The ancient Indian text of Vishnu Puran documents his exploits. After sacrificing himself to Vaman an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, Bali attained liberation. “Puram” is a Sanskrit term for a city. Mamallapuram is the Prakrit version of the original Sanskrit name.
During the rule of Mahendravarman I (600 CE – 630 CE), Mahablipuram started to flourish as a centre of art and culture. He himself was a well known poet, playwright and orator. His patronage helped the creation of a number of the city’s most iconic landmarks. This period of artistic excellence was duly continued by his son Narasimhavarman I (630 CE – 680 CE) and subsequent Pallava kings.
Cave Temples
The Adi Varaha Perumal Cave Temple is the earliest of all Pallava structures in Mahabalipuram, yet the least visited one.
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| Cave temple |
The grandeur of the actual mandapa (pavilion) is hidden behind a rather ordinary looking latter-day structure. The construction of this site began before the reign of Mahendravarman I. The temple is dedicated to Vishnu (Varaha is an incarnation of Vishnu) and its execution follows the spirit of Vaishnava Agamic texts. Both the outer hall and sanctum sanatorium are adorned with elaborate relief sculptures. This temple houses two relief sculptures of Pallava kings, Simhavishnu (c. 537 CE – 570 CE) and Mahendravarman I, accompanied by their respective wives.
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| Goddess durga slaying demon mahisaasuran |
The Trimurti Cave is dedicated to the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Maheswara (Shiva) representing the process of creation, protection and destruction. Aside from the deity, the carved pillars and sculptures also show devotees in various postures. The Varaha and Krishna Caves exhibit mythical tales related to Vishnu and Krishna.
The Mahishasuramardini Cave can be found at a hilltop location.
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| Cave temple |
Mahishasuramardini is another name of the goddess Durga who is an incarnation of Shakti (power). She earned this name after the slaying of the demon Mahishasuran. This is the second, along with the Kotikal Cave, of the caves dedicated to Durga.
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| Cave temple sculpture |
Technically speaking, the Yali or Tiger Cave may not be a geographic fissure, but it boasts a set of most elaborately designed pillars and sculptures depicting several mythical creatures, lions and tigers.
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| Sculptures of peoples life |
This also has a relief sculpture dedicated to Narasimhavarman II or Rajasimha (700 CE – 728 CE). In many ways, the Tiger Cave sums up the evolution of the Pallava’s cave temple structures over a period of time.
Descent of the Ganges or Arjuna's Penance:
Alternatively known as Arjuna’s Penance, Descent of the Ganges is a gigantic open air bas-relief sculpted out of pink granite. The dramatic relief sculpture narrates the tales from Indian epics such as the Mahabharata.
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| Arjuna penance |
Nearby mandapas, particularly the Krishna Mandapa, however, showcase scenes of pastoral life amid mythical figures. Other similar rock artworks close by have been left unfinished due to some unexplained reason.
Pancha Ratha
Pancha Ratha (five chariots) is an architectural ode to Mahabharata’s five Pandava brothers Yudhistiran, Bhiman, Arjunan, Nakulan, Sahadevan, and their wife Draupadi. matically and structurally, each ratha is significantly different from the other ones, but all of them were carved out of a long stone or monolith. Spread over one to three storeys, their forms vary from square to apsidal.
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| Arjuna penance |
The walls of these ancient edifices are decorated with bas-reliefs and murals. A beautifully carved monolithic airavata (elephant) a vahana of God indra according to Hindu mythology and nandi (bull) decorate the premises. Though originally meant to be places of worships, these were never consecrated and used actively for any sacred rites.
Shore Temple
The Shore Temple is located on the beach and if local lore is to be trusted it is the one surviving structure of the legendary Seven Pagodas. Despite continuous erosive effects of the moist and salty sea air, the Shore Temple preserves its beauty in many parts. Built between 700 and 728 CE during the reign of Narasimhavarman II, this is indeed a remnant of a larger complex of temples and civil structures much of which lie under the depth of the sea now.
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| Sculpture in Mahabalipuram |
This five story edifice is so situated that the first rays of the rising sun fall on the presiding deity of the temple, Shiva. Visitors enter the premises through a barrel vaulted gopuram (gateway).
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| Sculpture of Lord krishna lifting govarthana mount |
The shikhara (roof) of the actual shrine resembles a pyramidal structure. Like other remarkable structures at Mahabalipuram, this too is embellished with intricate bas-reliefs. Monolithic sculptures are also seen scattered about the temple complex.
Olakkanneshvara Temple
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| Shore temple, Mahabalipuram |
Also known as the Olakkanatha Temple, the Olakkanneshvara Temple (Temple of Shiva, suggestive of the third eye of Shiva) was built about the same time as the Shore Temple. This is located atop a hill some distance away from the beach which gave birth to a belief that it acted as a lighthouse in earlier times. This is also built atop the Mahishasuramardini Cave, but the two are different structures erected at different times.
Mahabalipuram Today
There is another curious structure known as Sri Krishna’s Butter Ball that fascinates everyone in Mahabalipuram. It is not a sculpted piece but more of a handiwork of nature.
Today, Mahabalipuram is trying to re-create its image as the country’s premier beach resort but it has not completely lost touch with its past cultural exploits. Every year, it hosts classical dance and drama festivals to preserve and promote the heritage of a very ancient culture.
Ironically, while the tsunami in 2004 CE created substantial damage to the existing structures and left the city water-logged for days, it also unearthed some of the treasures long hidden in the bottom of the sea. Granite sculptures, bronze statues and ruins of what seem to be manmade structures came to the fore. and solve some of the long standing questions about its past.
Recently to improve the importance of Mahabalipuram the indo Chinese meet between honourable prime minister narendra modi and Chinese president Mr XI Jinping meeting held on mahabalipuram in 12th Oct 2019. To promote and exchange cultural events.
